After a desperate struggle, the Human-Covenant war finally ended after a combined UNSC and Covenant Separatist strike force eliminated the Covenant leadership and destroyed the Flood threat.

For several weeks, only a grueling campaign of attrition with heavy participation by surviving Spartan units stood between mankind and extinction. The Battle of Earth saw some of the greatest bloodshed of the entire war, both in space and on the planet's surface. Incorporating every scrap of technical knowledge that had been scavenged and reverse-engineered from Forerunner ruins, the Infinity stood apart as the most formidable warship and exploration vessel in human history.Д«y 2552, after the fall of the military fortress world Reach, Earth was the last remaining human bastion, and nearly all surviving UNSC forces were committed to its defense. UNSC Infinity, built near the end of the conflict, was perhaps the height of UNSC technical achievement during this troubled period. One such example of war time innovation was the energy shielding adapted and improved for use on the MJOLNIR armor. Other enhancements geared towards mass production were distributed to the SPARTAN-IIIs and -IVs. The very best and cutting edge of UNSC war assets were supplied to the SPARTAN-II Program. Technological improvements continued to rise due to the capture of advanced Covenant equipment, which was studied and adapted for human needs. Although the Unified Earth Government was more open to step down, the Colonial Administration, the arm of the UEG ruling over the colonies, resisted the UNSC's rise to power, and was thus stripped of its power.ДЄn AD for the United Nations Space CommandД«y the time the war began, humanity had reached Tier 3 of the Forerunner civilization ranking system. The dire circumstances of the Covenant conflict allowed the UNSC to override civilian rule and establish itself as humanity's primary government. Faced with genocide on an unprecedented scale, the UNSC mobilized for total war. When the Human-Covenant war began, and the technologically superior aliens began decimating the Outer colonies, these Spartans became humanity's best hope for survival.

In an attempt to help end the long-running war against the rebels, the UEG commissioned the ORION Project (also known as the SPARTAN-I project) and later the SPARTAN-II Program, which created a group of elite super-soldiers to combat the separatists and the insurrections that they spawned. A Starbase Construction Cruiser is needed to build a starbase, with the exception of the Vasari who use their Colony Frigate, the Jarun Migrator, instead. The base cost of a starbase is comparable to that of a Capital Ship, and the cost of a starbase fully outfitted with additional modules is several times higher. The UNSCDF, a branch of the UNSC, constantly battled the Insurrectionists. Starbases are the most advanced fortification and were added in Entrenchment. The UN was waging a bloody struggle against groups of terrorists (or freedom fighters) called the Insurrectionists, who wanted independence from the Unified Earth Government. Humanity was in chaos before the Covenant attack on Harvest in 2525.

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